This document gives you basic
information needed in order to configure your router for routing IP, such as
how addresses are broken down and how subnetting works. You learn how to assign
each interface on the router an IP address with a unique subnet. There are many
examples to help tie everything together.
Cisco recommends that you have
knowledge of these topics:
- Basic understanding of binary and decimal numbers.
This document is not restricted to
specific software and hardware versions.
If definitions are helpful to you,
use these vocabulary terms to get you started:
- Address—The unique number ID assigned to one host or interface in a network.
- Subnet—A portion of a network sharing a particular subnet address.
- Subnet mask—A 32-bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers to the subnet and which part refers to the host.
- Interface—A network connection.
If you have already received your
legitimate address(es) from the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC),
you are ready to begin. If you do not plan to connect to the Internet, Cisco
strongly suggests that you use reserved addresses from RFC 1918
.
.
An IP address is an address used in
order to uniquely identify a device on an IP network. The address is made up of
32 binary bits, which can be divisible into a network portion and host portion
with the help of a subnet mask. The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets
(1 octet = 8 bits). Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a
period (dot). For this reason, an IP address is said to be expressed in dotted
decimal format (for example, 172.16.81.100). The value in each octet ranges
from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 - 11111111 binary.
Here is how binary octets convert to
decimal: The right most bit, or least significant bit, of an octet holds a
value of 20. The bit just to the left of that holds a value of 21.
This continues until the left-most bit, or most significant bit, which holds a
value of 27. So if all binary bits are a one, the decimal equivalent
would be 255 as shown here:
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
(128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)
Here is a sample octet conversion
when not all of the bits are set to 1.
0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
0 64 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0+64+0+0+0+0+0+1=65)
And this is sample shows an IP
address represented in both binary and decimal.
10. 1.
23. 19 (decimal)
00001010.00000001.00010111.00010011 (binary)
These octets are broken down to
provide an addressing scheme that can accommodate large and small networks.
There are five different classes of networks, A to E. This document focuses on
addressing classes A to C, since classes D and E are reserved and discussion of
them is beyond the scope of this document.
Note: Also note that the terms "Class A, Class B" and so
on are used in this document to help facilitate the understanding of IP
addressing and subnetting. These terms are rarely used in the industry anymore
because of the introduction of classless interdomain routing (CIDR).
Given an IP address, its class can
be determined from the three high-order bits. Figure 1
shows the significance in the three high order bits and the range of addresses
that fall into each class. For informational purposes, Class D and Class E
addresses are also shown.
In a Class A address, the first
octet is the network portion, so the Class A example in Figure 1
has a major network address of 1.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255. Octets 2, 3, and 4
(the next 24 bits) are for the network manager to divide into subnets and hosts
as he/she sees fit. Class A addresses are used for networks that have more than
65,536 hosts (actually, up to 16777214 hosts!).
In a Class B address, the first two
octets are the network portion, so the Class B example in Figure 1
has a major network address of 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255. Octets 3 and 4 (16
bits) are for local subnets and hosts. Class B addresses are used for networks
that have between 256 and 65534 hosts.
In a Class C address, the first
three octets are the network portion. The Class C example in Figure 1
has a major network address of 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255. Octet 4 (8 bits) is
for local subnets and hosts - perfect for networks with less than 254 hosts.
A network mask helps you know which
portion of the address identifies the network and which portion of the address
identifies the node. Class A, B, and C networks have default masks, also known
as natural masks, as shown here:
Class
A: 255.0.0.0
Class
B: 255.255.0.0
Class
C: 255.255.255.0
An IP address on a Class A network
that has not been subnetted would have an address/mask pair similar to:
8.20.15.1 255.0.0.0. To see how the mask helps you identify the network and
node parts of the address, convert the address and mask to binary numbers.
8.20.15.1
= 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001
255.0.0.0
= 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Once you have the address and the
mask represented in binary, then identifying the network and host ID is easier.
Any address bits which have corresponding mask bits set to 1 represent the
network ID. Any address bits that have corresponding mask bits set to 0
represent the node ID.
8.20.15.1
= 00001000.00010100.00001111.00000001
255.0.0.0
= 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
-----------------------------------
net id | host id
netid
= 00001000 = 8
hostid
= 00010100.00001111.00000001 = 20.15.1
Subnetting allows you to create
multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or C network.
If you do not subnet, you are only able to use one network from your Class A,
B, or C network, which is unrealistic.
Each data link on a network must
have a unique network ID, with every node on that link being a member of the
same network. If you break a major network (Class A, B, or C) into smaller
subnetworks, it allows you to create a network of interconnecting subnetworks.
Each data link on this network would then have a unique network/subnetwork ID.
Any device, or gateway, connecting n networks/subnetworks has n
distinct IP addresses, one for each network / subnetwork that it interconnects.
In order to subnet a network, extend
the natural mask using some of the bits from the host ID portion of the address
to create a subnetwork ID. For example, given a Class C network of 204.17.5.0
which has a natural mask of 255.255.255.0, you can create subnets in this
manner:
204.17.5.0
- 11001100.00010001.00000101.00000000
255.255.255.224
- 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
--------------------------|sub|----
By extending the mask to be
255.255.255.224, you have taken three bits (indicated by "sub") from
the original host portion of the address and used them to make subnets. With
these three bits, it is possible to create eight subnets. With the remaining
five host ID bits, each subnet can have up to 32 host addresses, 30 of which
can actually be assigned to a device since host ids of all zeros or all ones
are not allowed (it is very important to remember this). So, with this in
mind, these subnets have been created.
204.17.5.0
255.255.255.224 host address range 1
to 30
204.17.5.32
255.255.255.224 host address range 33
to 62
204.17.5.64
255.255.255.224 host address range 65
to 94
204.17.5.96
255.255.255.224 host address range 97
to 126
204.17.5.128
255.255.255.224 host address range 129
to 158
204.17.5.160
255.255.255.224 host address range 161
to 190
204.17.5.192
255.255.255.224 host address range 193
to 222
204.17.5.224
255.255.255.224 host address range 225
to 254
Note: There are two ways to denote these masks. First, since you
are using three bits more than the "natural" Class C mask, you can
denote these addresses as having a 3-bit subnet mask. Or, secondly, the mask of
255.255.255.224 can also be denoted as /27 as there are 27 bits that are set in
the mask. This second method is used with CIDR.
With this method, one of these networks can be described with the notation
prefix/length. For example, 204.17.5.32/27 denotes the network 204.17.5.32
255.255.255.224. When appropriate the prefix/length notation is used to denote
the mask throughout the rest of this document.
The network subnetting scheme in
this section allows for eight subnets, and the network might appear as:
Notice that each of the routers in Figure 2
is attached to four subnetworks, one subnetwork is common to both routers.
Also, each router has an IP address for each subnetwork to which it is
attached. Each subnetwork could potentially support up to 30 host addresses.
This brings up an interesting point.
The more host bits you use for a subnet mask, the more subnets you have
available. However, the more subnets available, the less host addresses
available per subnet. For example, a Class C network of 204.17.5.0 and a mask
of 255.255.255.224 (/27) allows you to have eight subnets, each with 32 host
addresses (30 of which could be assigned to devices). If you use a mask of
255.255.255.240 (/28), the break down is:
204.17.5.0
-
11001100.00010001.00000101.00000000
255.255.255.240
- 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
--------------------------|sub |---
Since you now have four bits to make
subnets with, you only have four bits left for host addresses. So in this case
you can have up to 16 subnets, each of which can have up to 16 host addresses
(14 of which can be assigned to devices).
Take a look at how a Class B network
might be subnetted. If you have network 172.16.0.0 ,then you know that its
natural mask is 255.255.0.0 or 172.16.0.0/16. Extending the mask to anything
beyond 255.255.0.0 means you are subnetting. You can quickly see that you have
the ability to create a lot more subnets than with the Class C network. If you
use a mask of 255.255.248.0 (/21), how many subnets and hosts per subnet does
this allow for?
172.16.0.0 -
10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
255.255.248.0
- 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
-----------------| sub
|-----------
You are using five bits from the
original host bits for subnets. This allows you to have 32 subnets (25).
After using the five bits for subnetting, you are left with 11 bits for host
addresses. This allows each subnet so have 2048 host addresses (211),
2046 of which could be assigned to devices.
Note: In the past, there were limitations to the use of a subnet 0
(all subnet bits are set to zero) and all ones subnet (all subnet bits set to
one). Some devices would not allow the use of these subnets. Cisco Systems
devices allow the use of these subnets when theip subnet zero command is
configured.
Now that you have an understanding
of subnetting, put this knowledge to use. In this example, you are given two
address / mask combinations, written with the prefix/length notation, which
have been assigned to two devices. Your task is to determine if these devices
are on the same subnet or different subnets. You can do this by using the
address and mask of each device to determine to which subnet each address
belongs.
DeviceA:
172.16.17.30/20
DeviceB:
172.16.28.15/20
Determining the Subnet for DeviceA:
172.16.17.30 -
10101100.00010000.00010001.00011110
255.255.240.0
- 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
-----------------| sub|------------
subnet
=
10101100.00010000.00010000.00000000 = 172.16.16.0
Looking at the address bits that
have a corresponding mask bit set to one, and setting all the other address
bits to zero (this is equivalent to performing a logical "AND"
between the mask and address), shows you to which subnet this address belongs.
In this case, DeviceA belongs to subnet 172.16.16.0.
Determining the Subnet for DeviceB:
172.16.28.15 -
10101100.00010000.00011100.00001111
255.255.240.0
- 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
-----------------|
sub|------------
subnet
=
10101100.00010000.00010000.00000000 = 172.16.16.0
From these determinations, DeviceA
and DeviceB have addresses that are part of the same subnet.
Given the Class C network of
204.15.5.0/24, subnet the network in order to create the network in Figure 3
with the host requirements shown.
Looking at the network shown in Figure 3,
you can see that you are required to create five subnets. The largest subnet
must support 28 host addresses. Is this possible with a Class C network? and if
so, then how?
You can start by looking at the
subnet requirement. In order to create the five needed subnets you would need
to use three bits from the Class C host bits. Two bits would only allow you
four subnets (22).
Since you need three subnet bits,
that leaves you with five bits for the host portion of the address. How many
hosts does this support? 25 = 32 (30 usable). This meets the
requirement.
Therefore you have determined that
it is possible to create this network with a Class C network. An example of how
you might assign the subnetworks is:
netA:
204.15.5.0/27 host address range 1
to 30
netB:
204.15.5.32/27 host address range 33
to 62
netC:
204.15.5.64/27 host address range 65
to 94
netD:
204.15.5.96/27 host address range 97
to 126
netE:
204.15.5.128/27 host address range 129
to 158
In all of the previous examples of
subnetting, notice that the same subnet mask was applied for all the subnets.
This means that each subnet has the same number of available host addresses.
You can need this in some cases, but, in most cases, having the same subnet mask
for all subnets ends up wasting address space. For example, in the Sample Exercise 2 section, a class C network was split into eight equal-size
subnets; however, each subnet did not utilize all available host addresses,
which results in wasted address space. Figure 4
illustrates this wasted address space.
Figure 4
illustrates that of the subnets that are being used, NetA, NetC, and NetD have
a lot of unused host address space. It is possible that this was a deliberate
design accounting for future growth, but in many cases this is just wasted
address space due to the fact that the same subnet mask is being used for all
the subnets.
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
allows you to use different masks for each subnet, thereby using address space
efficiently.
Given the same network and
requirements as in Sample Exercise 2 develop a subnetting scheme with the use of VLSM, given:
netA:
must support 14 hosts
netB:
must support 28 hosts
netC:
must support 2 hosts
netD:
must support 7 hosts
netE:
must support 28 host
Determine what mask allows the
required number of hosts.
netA:
requires a /28 (255.255.255.240) mask to support 14 hosts
netB:
requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts
netC:
requires a /30 (255.255.255.252) mask to support 2 hosts
netD*:
requires a /28 (255.255.255.240) mask to support 7 hosts
netE:
requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts
*
a /29 (255.255.255.248) would only allow 6 usable host addresses
therefore netD requires a /28 mask.
The easiest way to assign the
subnets is to assign the largest first. For example, you can assign in this
manner:
netB:
204.15.5.0/27 host address range 1 to 30
netE:
204.15.5.32/27 host address range 33 to 62
netA:
204.15.5.64/28 host address range 65 to 78
netD:
204.15.5.80/28 host address range 81 to 94
netC:
204.15.5.96/30 host address range 97 to 98
This can be graphically represented
as shown in Figure 5:
Figure 5
illustrates how using VLSM helped save more than half of the address space.
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
was introduced to improve both address space utilization and routing
scalability in the Internet. It was needed because of the rapid growth of the
Internet and growth of the IP routing tables held in the Internet routers.
CIDR moves way from the traditional
IP classes (Class A, Class B, Class C, and so on). In CIDR , an IP network is
represented by a prefix, which is an IP address and some indication of the
length of the mask. Length means the number of left-most contiguous mask bits
that are set to one. So network 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 can be represented as
172.16.0.0/16. CIDR also depicts a more hierarchical Internet architecture,
where each domain takes its IP addresses from a higher level. This allows for
the summarization of the domains to be done at the higher level. For example,
if an ISP owns network 172.16.0.0/16, then the ISP can offer 172.16.1.0/24,
172.16.2.0/24, and so on to customers. Yet, when advertising to other
providers, the ISP only needs to advertise 172.16.0.0/16.
Routers A and B are connected via
serial interface.
hostname routera
!
ip routing
!
int e 0
ip address 172.16.50.1 255.255.255.0
!(subnet 50)
int e 1 ip address 172.16.55.1 255.255.255.0
!(subnet 55)
int t 0 ip address 172.16.60.1 255.255.255.0
!(subnet 60) int s 0
ip address 172.16.65.1 255.255.255.0 (subnet
65)
!S 0 connects to router B
router rip
network 172.16.0.0
hostname routerb
!
ip routing
!
int e 0
ip address 192.1.10.200 255.255.255.240
!(subnet 192)
int e 1
ip address 192.1.10.66 255.255.255.240
!(subnet 64)
int s 0
ip address 172.16.65.2 (same subnet as router
A's s 0)
!Int s 0 connects to router A
router rip
network 192.1.10.0
network 172.16.0.0
Class
B Effective Effective
#
bits Mask Subnets Hosts
------- --------------- ---------
---------
1
255.255.128.0 2 32766
2
255.255.192.0 4 16382
3
255.255.224.0 8
8190
4
255.255.240.0 16 4094
5
255.255.248.0 32 2046
6
255.255.252.0 64 1022
7
255.255.254.0 128 510
8
255.255.255.0 256 254
9
255.255.255.128 512 126
10
255.255.255.192 1024 62
11
255.255.255.224 2048 30
12
255.255.255.240 4096 14
13
255.255.255.248 8192 6
14
255.255.255.252 16384 2
Class
C Effective Effective
#
bits Mask Subnets Hosts
------- --------------- ---------
---------
1
255.255.255.128 2 126
2
255.255.255.192 4 62
3
255.255.255.224 8 30
4
255.255.255.240 16 14
5
255.255.255.248 32 6
6
255.255.255.252 64 2
*Subnet
all zeroes and all ones included. These
might not be supported on some legacy systems.
*Host
all zeroes and all ones excluded.
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